Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay Example for Free

Genetic Engineering and the Law Essay To understand the ethical implications of genetic engineering, we must first understand what genetic engineering is. Genes are units that code for specific characteristics. Such characteristics are hair and eye colour and we inherit these from our parents. It is chromosomes in the cell nuclei than enable your body to inherit features or, more specifically, it is the DNA that makes up the chromosomes that forms a unique genetic code for every human being (apart from identical twins). It is estimated that the human body has around 50,000 to 100,000 different genes contained inside, some of which have been linked to certain diseases. Scientists claim to have identified 4,000 conditions that are linked to just one fault or defect in a persons genetic makeup, which is where genetic engineering comes in. At present a project is taking place to identify the function of every gene in the human body. The Human Genome Project aims to uncover the cause for many diseases and find a cure for them. One such way, is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, as a cure for disease, is the removal of a defective gene sequence and the remodelling of it. But this isnt the only definition given for genetic engineering. Compassion in World Farming describes it as the taking of genes from one species of plant or animal and inserting them into a completely different species. It is obvious, therefore, that genetic engineering is used for different things, in different situations. In this essay I will look at some of the varying uses genetic engineering has in todays world and the ethical implications of such uses. Genetic Engineering and the Law At present human cloning is illegal in the UK, although there are many countries were such a law does not exist. And although, technically, it may be possible to clone humans in the way animals have been, the Act of Parliament strictly forbids ever doing with human eggs what we have done with sheep eggs Dr Ron James Head of PPL Therapeutics. Nor are scientists allowed to mass produce human eggs for in-vitro fertilisation- something that many scientists have been pushing for for years. Genetically modified crops are also strictly controlled by the law. Such UK laws include: The Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) Regulations 1992 and The Genetically Modified Organisms (Deliberate Release) Regulations 1992. These laws are in addition to the standard For Safety Act which specifies that food must be fit for consumption. Several government bodies have been set up to assess and regulate GM foods including ACNFP, COT, FAC and, the most important, The Department of Environment. The DOE requires tat anyone proposing a release must apply to them for consent first. It is then advised by the Advisory Committee on Release to the Environment on the granting of consents. At a European level, the Regulation on Novel Foods and Food Ingredients was introduced in May 1997 and covers labelling of foods no longer equivalent to its conventional counterparts. But despite the introduction of laws, many people are still unhappy, and are pushing for further action. For example the CIWF believe GM meat should be clearly labelled, although they also say it should not be sold in the first place. They see the genetic engineering of farm animals for food as cruel and unnecessary. But the question remains: are they right? Few people know the implications of genetic engineering and what it really involves and many are ignorant of what to expect from GM. Genetic Engineering and Animals/ Humans Everyone knows the story of the first cloned animal. The Finn Dorset sheep, known as Dolly, was the first new-born mammal to be cloned from adult cells and is a miracle for scientists the world over. She had opened many new windows of opportunity for scientists who hope to soon be able to clone humans using the same technology. The possibilities really are endless. A single cell from an elite racehorse could be used to create hundreds of identical copies, each with the same elite genetic makeup. However pleasing this heady new discovery is, there is a widespread argument over whether or not cloning is right. Is it simply a wonderful new way to develop a generation of disease-free animals and humans or is it tampering with nature and playing God? Many people see it as the answer to all problems, that screening can reveal vital information about a persons life span and health future. Genetic engineering could, in theory, identify genetic defects early on, giving time to replace the faulty gene and cure the sufferer. Predicting disease is a major use for genetic engineering and one that could change the way we live forever. At present scientist are working on a genetic test known as the GeneChip. They claim in a few years doctors will be able to take a simple mouth swab and, using the GeneChip, look through your DNA for disease prospects. Although they have come under fire from their critics, geneticists argue that anyone is entitled to know what their future holds for the health-wise. Indeed they say the information can be vital for planning out the rest of your life if, for example, you are a woman with a likelihood to develop breast cancer. Pre-natal diagnosis is also another option that could soon be open to the public. Parents could be made aware of any flaws there may be in their childs DNA and could decide whether or not to carry on with the pregnancy. Genetic engineering could also be used to grow substances like human insulin and growth hormone on a huge level. Currently scientists are looking at introducing blood-clotting genes for haemophiliacs and purifying milk from GM sheep for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. They are also hoping to study presently incurable diseases in the hope they might be able to introduce a cure using genetic engineering. There are also high hopes for animals in genetic engineering. Transgenic animals (or those that have been given a gene from another animal) have many uses. They can produce more meat and milk, feeding the starving, and they can grow faster, with the possibility of less fatty meat. They can be bred to resist disease, but also develop disease so they might be tested on for further research. A biotechnology firm in Cambridge is working on a transgensic pig that could be bred to grow desperately needed organs for transplant into human beings. The technique can also be used to knock out genes, deleting proteins so that they might prevent BSE in cows. But it isnt all good news for genetic engineering, in fact there is a lengthy and strong argument as to why it is dangerous to go to take it to these levels. Many have disagreed with the predicting of disease, saying that many people may not be able to cope with the knowledge that they may contract a terminal disease- it could ruin lives. Also there has been widespread outcry over the Association of Insurance Brokers announcement that it will not offer life insurance over i 100,100 to anyone who had taken a genetic test that had predicted fatal disease and since 1995 there has been pressure form MPs to develop a code of practise concerning genetic screening. There are also fears of employers discriminating against potential employees who have the potential for life threatening illness in later life. Although scientists hope genetic engineering will provide many choices for parents, the BMA has voiced its concerns that the industry will cause selective breeding or the choice to abort a baby because of undesirable characteristics such as physical traits. The BMA have also said people have been mislead about the power to screen for later abnormalities. It says The number of abnormalities which can be detected in this way is limited and few of the tests are conclusive. The problem many people have with genetic engineering is the risk of error that is involved. Screening is complex and it is difficult to be precise every time. Faulty diagnosis could put an end to job prospects or insurance benefits, not to mention the psychological problems arising from finding out you have the potential to contract a fatal disease.

Reflective Essay On Gaining Management Skills In Nursing Nursing Essay

Reflective Essay On Gaining Management Skills In Nursing Nursing Essay For the last five years, I have been working in the capacity of senior staff nurse in a rehabilitation unit for patients suffering from various forms of mental health conditions. When the ward manager offered me the opportunity to attend a course focusing on management skills, I had mixed feelings. I was pleased to realise that my manager had confidence in me to participate; However, I felt that this would be a challenge. At the same time, I was apprehensive; would I be able to fulfil her expectations? Especially as this course was designed for charge nurses who are expected to take a managerial role. Boud et al (1985) wrote about reflection being a form of response of the learner to experience. Johns (2000) stated through the conflict contradiction, the commitment to realise desirable work and understanding why things are as they are, the practitioner is more empowered to take more appropriate action in the future. From a reflective perspective of my practice, I undertook this study because I wanted to develop my role and felt it would be a good opportunity for me to apply the knowledge gained into my clinical practice. Effective resource management in the health care is paramount as without resources, there would be no health services. Various and appropriate resources are required to function and support the delivery of healthcare. In a practice setting, there is the human resources and non human resources. Human resources are staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clinical knowledge, their skills and time. This refers to all categories of the workforce within the health care setting. It includes nursing, medical, management, domestic, Occupational therapist, administrators, patients, etc.. Therefore, this includes the skill mix of staff, recruitment and retention. Non human resources are buildings, medication, equipment methods and money. Methods as resources include clinical procedures, policies and training. For money, the resources include the cost of maintaining buildings, equipment, recruiting staff and their salaries and day today running of wards, etc. These resources should be utilized effectively in order to achieve targets at minimal financial cost, in the minimum amount of time and to a high standard. Learning about workforce planning gave me a greater understanding of assessing how many, and what type of staff required, identifying how these staffs will be supplied and deciding how a balance between demand and supply can be achieved. Workforce planning in the NHS is a challenging but an important process. More effective the workforce is ensuring better service for service users. During our study lessons, we have had plenty of opportunities to participate in group work. Within an establishment / ward situation it is important to complete the decision making process as a team. Members should realise if they are to discuss an issue, find possible answers to an issue or make recommendations in order for implementation. There must be an open forum for discussion. Given the above, there is less chance members will waste time dealing with issues beyond their responsibility. Commitment to the decision is important as this will increase the commitment to implementation of the decision. Some of the advantages of group decision making are it allows attempts to persuade and influence others, which could result in achieving high quality results. Because of participants wider knowledge, experience and data collection it could produce more possible solutions. People are more committed to implement what has been discussed and planned if they are included in the discussion a nd the decision making process. Sharing ideas, opinions and options increase the understanding of the situation and commitment to the decision. In group discussions there is opportunity to learn from the other members. The advantage is there can be a tendency for more dominate member to take over and influence others. However, a few of the participants may attempt to appear superior and dominate the group. Especially when there are strong personalities among the group members. Respect differences of opinion (Brounstein,2003; Payne,2001). Also, group members may become more interested in winning rather than investing the best possible option. I have experienced advantages as well as disadvantages during our group work sessions. It felt warm and satisfying to be a part of a group which ensures that everyone has an opportunity to be heard respecting everyoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea and values. It was tense and uncomfortable when there are dominators and aggressors; they were interrupti ng others wanting only their ideas to be heard. There are numerous methods by which a group can interact, these be introduced to prevent the discussions being dominated. I have also experienced differences in ideas, which led to feelings of a frustration and an unfriendly atmosphere. When you have a group that works well together as a team, negotiating will become more effective. We should make sure that our negotiations are done in such a way that it flows. The aim is to find an outcome thats acceptable to both parties. To achive this, we need skills such as: Listening, Questioning, reasoning and accepting. There are many ways to show that you are listening to someone. These involve two sets of skills. Non verbal, which relate to what you do and verbal relates to what you say. Non verbal methods include giving the person eye contact, nodding and not looking at your watch or yawning. Verbal ways include letting someone finish what they are saying, and thinking about what they have said rather than about what you are going to say next and responding to their comments. In any negotiation situation, it is important that you should feel comfortable about questioning anything you are unsure of or not happy with. There is no point in taking up a hard and fast position when you go into a negotiating situation. When this happens, both side retreat into their corners, and it becomes difficult to reason. You must be prepared to make some minor adjustments and compromises, as will your negotiating partner to reach a suitable outcome. At the end of a successful negotiation, you should both feel satisfied that you have reached an acceptable decision. You should also both have had an opportunity to express your views, ask questions and work out a reasonable agreement. If one party cannot accept the position, the negotiation should continue. I have also learnt and experienced how important it is to have bargaining skills when you are negotiating between two groups. During our negotiating exercise what we failed to do was to discuss between team members our strongest and weakest arguments and planning the sequences of our arguments. I believe the negotiation process can be summarised as a trading game. There is one way to play the game. That is to trade what we have with what we want. Through this study course, I was expected to learn various topics such as finance/workforce scheduling, report writing/negotiating skills, Recruitment and selection, interview skills, etc. Each lesson I attended was crammed with information. There were a number of skills I learned as part of my coursework, but in addition I learned a lot by going through the process. Reading relevant books and discussing these with my fellow classmates broaden my knowledge and interest in each topic. Looking at sample essays made me realise writing a report requires logical thinking and planning in order to organise oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ideas carefully and express them accurately. This was a valuable exercise as we write reports daily in our work area. I could use my new found knowledge and skills at work. The day after I learned about negotiating skills, a situation arose at work where the new information I learned assisted me in tackling the situation confidently. The course also helped me to improve my supervision skills in leading the junior members of the team. Many of the lesions stressed group work. This allowed me to work in a team setting confidently and expand my team building skills. I highly value the skills and lessons I have learned from attending this course and would recommend the program to anyone who wants to expand their knowledge and skills. Boud D, Keogh R, Walker D (eds.) (1985) Reflection , turning experience into learning. London. Cogan Page. Brounstein,2003;payne,2001 Nursing Management and Leadership. Ann Marriner Tomer Johns C (2000) Becoming a reflective practitioner. Oxford: Blackwell

Assessing Professional Boundaries Between Emergency Nurses And Doctors Nursing Essay

Assessing Professional Boundaries Between Emergency Nurses And Doctors Nursing Essay Nurse is a profession that serves the need of society in the area of health. The roles of nurses have expanded because they carry out multiple roles in healthcare. In this paper I will discuss on Professional boundaries in my workplace context. As describe by Hawkin et al (1991), professional is define as someone who highly skilled, whereas boundaries is a line or border that marks a limit and context is the circumstances in which an event occurs. If we look around us, we will see that every living being has its own limit and bound by its own territory in which it dwell and defend against any sort of invasion. Boundaries have it own fundamental place in life. It fundamental that even criminals who thrive on violating the integrity of others have their own boundaries. Unlike the law, which is absolute, rules allow things to function smoothly because everyone within a particular context agrees upon it. Rules can refer to a game or office procedures. Our moral values provide our own internal guidance about what is wrong or what is not in sense of good value, stated; Raymond Lloyd (2009). Im a qualified registered nurse, working in Emergency and Trauma Department (ED), ED provides 24 hours emergency care. Operating twenty-four hours, my ED provides the different level of care and patient needs and it also provides a comprehensive service which includes pre-hospital resuscitation, stabilization and definitive care. Service also includes Disaster Management, Domestic Violence, and Emergency Medicine. The purpose of this paper is to access the professional boundaries of roles and practice between nurses and doctors at Emergency and Trauma Department. In this paper, I will highlight and analyzed the concept of boundaries and contextualize the theory in the political context of professions, the nature of the professional relationship, provides information to help members recognize potential crisis situations, debate issues of boundaries evidence within my practice and suggests some strategies in managing professional boundaries on defibrillator. Occasionally, most of the nurses in my ED today are still nurses seemed uncertain about the limitation or boundary of their own work. But, sometimes boundaries are often consider not clear-cut issue of right or wrong. Its dependent upon numerous factors and required careful thinking through of all the issue, always keeps in mind that all action must be in the best interest of patient care. All the staffs in ED are required to take Basic Life Support (BLS), and Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) and Paediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS). Why we need this training? Because its involves advanced medical skills, certification and training. Is purposely offered for medical professionals such as doctor, assistant medical officer (AMO) and nurses, since lay public do not have the necessary knowledge and skills except for BLS where lay public can go for training but in different syllabus compared to health care provider. Although, ED staff especially nurses and AMO underwent the training and qualified, pass the courses in theory and practically. It still not a ticket for them to ride in fast lane because, they must be well trained, recertification and monitored by experienced support staff such as nurses or AMO, senior doctor or specialist. Why we still have to be monitored? Because, from my experience although the doctor pertain his MBBS (in  Latin  Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae or Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of surgery) from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, (2010) but he or she still new in service, some are still not competent to use the defibrillator machine. Sometimes doctors also required to attend this short-course of BLS, ACLS or PALS because anyone whos works in ED must to be well trained with these courses. Example like in resuscitation, the goal of  ACLS  is to begin and identify what is wrong with the patient and when it is the best time can perform defibrillators to patient and also a long term treatment plan can be created.  These short-courses  guidelines are constantly changing, due to new information in the medical field, and frequent (every 5 year for ACLS, PALS and 3 years for BLS) as these standard guidelines provided by Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia, recertification is required for each personal after they are certified. Recertification also ensures that the material is always fresh, so that a healthcare provider or ED staff can confidently make the right decision in a critical moment. As a trained nurse at ED, providing encompasses and comprehensive treatment plan is essential step whereby sometimes I have to perform defibrillation when a patient having ventricular tachycardia (VT) with hemodynamical instability in order for proper treatment plans. My workplace environment is dedicated and confined to the critically ill patients with unstable hemodynamic and in need of urgent emergency life saving treatment which stipulates that all trauma patients requiring prompt and urgent treatment within a prescribed and stipulated time is observed strictly.   My ED, nurses do defibrillation because of the recertification and trust gain from senior doctors and specialist or consultant. According to General Medical Council (2001), doctor can delegate medical care to nurses, or AMO if they had the trust and believe it is the best for the patients but in count that the nurses must experienced and competent person. Unfortunately, some doctors always take an advantage of this procedure because of some nurses are seemed uncertain about their own limitation or boundaries of working practice. Usually this procedure should be performed by them instead of nurses. Perform defibrillation to patient has been commonly practiced by most of the senior nurses and this knowledge have been past down to new intern; I meant the newly in service staff nurse. It seems likely this positive act becoming norm, among the nurses and other paramedic especially in ED. As describe by Burkhdart Nathaniel (2008), different culture have it own different approach by intera cting individual, consisting of learned pattern of values, belief, behaviour and custom shared by the group. My ED is interdisciplinary department multidisciplines. These approaches change the professional boundaries. As define by Avis, Drysdale, Gregg, Neufeldt Scargill (1983), professional boundaries is a behaviours where by boundaries are crossed. Boundary includes the concept of limits, lines or borders. Boundary can be crossed, can be violated, or misconduct can come to mind. Crossing of a boundary involves a brief act or behaviour outside of the helpful zone. See appendix. Apparently, it divided into two substitution which is vertical substitution and horizontal substitution. The vertical of my workplace is by hierarchy starting from top to bottom. Examples as specialist is the highest of the hierarchy give order to hierarchy below them like medical officer and the order move on till the lowest hierarchy. See appendix. While the horizontal substitution is the interaction between workers in same phase or level. Examples like para-professional (Nurses, AMO, Cardiovascular Technician), where both are in same a group who had a similar roles and same hierarchy grade. Therefore in emergency situation, performing defibrillation the act just dont bound on doctor shoulder only. It can be either nurses or AMO, using their expertise and clinical judgments in diagnosed and to save patient life. As these working boundaries happen in my ED, realized it or not these act has an impact towards the patient. ED is a unique place for clinical experience where most of the cases are sudden or unexpected incident that requires immediate attention and need the staff on high alert in providing fast and effective care as well as treated according to their severity. Unfortunately, it hard for new doctor to conduct the situation without any experience. In addition, the aim of my workplace is to become an excellent working env ironment and culture through suitable working conditions, teaching and humanistic approach for all new staff in every categories will failed if the competency, skill and knowledge of new staff is doubted in performing the procedure. The reason to have a standard guideline in ED is to provide professional guidance in making decisions with specific practice, according to their severity. While allowing flexibility in professional judgment and meets Nursing and Midwifery Board Malaysia criteria for guideline development for a safe standard of practice and facilitate the  nursing profession to demonstrate responsibility and accountability in practice. To uphold a high standard of safe nursing care by competent and caring nurses through the implementation of regulatory processes and code of conduct established in Nursing Act 1950. The disadvantage in my unit is the shortage of doctor in recovery area, where their present is do come helpful if the patient place at recovery develop complication such as VT. As experienced nurse, providing an excellent work and comprehensive service with the knowledge and skill can make me become autonomous. The patient who are acutely ill were not being assessed and treated quickly eno ugh, it will deteriorate their condition, Norris Melby (2005). Since the workload in ED increases prior to the amount of a patient had burden the existing nurses role in ED. Sometimes situation at ED a bit chaos with multiple task had to be done at the same time such as; had to be chaperon, send blood specimen to Lab, send patient for X-Ray and as well as documented patient data since ED operates, based on the Total Hospital Information System  (T.H.I.S.). ENB/DoH (2001) explained, in accessing the effectiveness management of information and associated technology which is now part of patient and client care management. Meanwhile, the doctor are facing the same issue as their also had a shortage issue of working personnel. This impact the excellent service provided in patient care due to load of workload. According to Halcomb et al (2002), in term of cost to the health system, workforce implication and value to consumer, alternate cause to the nurse and paramedic should be explored. Therefore the nurses manager in my unit should encourage each staff to attend courses to increase each knowledges especially in cardiac care management. In any professional relationship there is an inherent power imbalance. Nurses have a responsibility to ensure that relationship based on plans and goals in objective and the outcome of interaction between professional with para-professional. It means it is the responsibility of the nurse to maintain their professional and personal boundaries, in the best interest of patient. When a nurse crosses that boundary, they are generally behaving in unprofessional manner and misusing the power in the relationship recognized by Masterson (2002). It seem, some of the nurses missing the chance to build up its own core principles by taking more expanded roles said Radcliffe, 2000. Most of professional practitioner like doctor is delighted to see nurses take over his job like perform defibrillation. This regarded as basic activities and bored for them. But there is some dispute, were some nurses uncertain and disagreed about the changing work boundaries and expended rule would make it harder for n urses to undertake nursing task. Most of the nurses insist that their main concern was nursing care. The scope of professional practice; UKCC, 1992 support role expansion providing it does not result in unnecessary fragmentation of patient care or lead to inappropriate delegation of work. In concluding this issue I have analyzed the concept of boundaries in context of nursing care. My advice can be categories into three; engagement for future collaboration involving in clinical management, moving away from the traditional relationship, with differences in power and influence, nurses and doctors are now becoming equal partners in the clinical field with professional respect, diplomacy and sensitivity in helping and supportive. Although it is important to understand each professions roles and responsibilities, as well as areas of conflict and disagreement, it is the mutual understanding of nurses and doctors will lead, the way to true clinical collaborative in ED. The nature of emergency practice makes it even more vital towards communicate and clarify the ways in which, relationship can be affected by vibrant relations in provide fast and effective patient friendly services for our patients, their family and the community within excellent working culture and humanistic approach.

Celebrities on the Walk of Fame in Little Havana :: Calle Ocho Walk of Fame Cuba

Exploring the Culture of Little Havana: The Celebrities on the Walk of Fame Since the start of the "Calle Ocho Walk of Fame" in 1988, more than 20 celebrities have been honored by receiving stars. Yet, not all 20 were Cuban celebrities. This has sparked controversy and violence in Little Havana. Members of the community and local government officials have argued about who should be given stars. To resolve this problem a selection committee was formed. These people still could not please everyone with their choices because there were so many opposing viewpoints within the community. Some people feel that only famous people that have some relation with South Florida should be honored. They want to include Hispanics and African American celebrities who have ties within the community and who have roots in or around the Miami area. Jesus Sanchez, a customer at one of the shops on Calle Ocho said, in 1996, "It doesn't matter if they're Cuban or Mexican or American. As long as they have talent and vocation" (Menendez 2). On the other hand, Spanish language radio announcer Alberto Gonzalez of WRHC-AM said, "We Cubans may not own all of Miami, but we do [own] Calle Ocho" ("Walk" 2B). He said this during the controversy in 1989 over the inclusion, in the walk of fame, of Spanish singer Raphael, the first non-Cuban to receive a star. Raphael was the fifth person to be honored with a star despite the protests of local community members. Since the Raphael incident, the controversy has subsided; however, there are still those who believe that the "Calle Ocho Walk of Fame" should only be for Cuban stars. Franco and Rodriguez, the two men who revived the project, have shown that Latin stars are not the only ones who need to apply. In 1995, they were trying to get Sylvester Stallone a star. The issue of whether the "Calle Ocho Walk of Fame" should be for Latinos only continued in 1997 when Enrique Iglesias was selected for a star, but Dr. Ferdie Pacheco was denied the honor. The furor revolved around the fact that Iglesias was just starting out as a singer while Pacheco already had international recognition due to his career as one of the world's foremost boxing authorities, a painter of some renown, and author of eight books. Most of the celebrities that have stars on Calle Ocho are partly, if not 100%, Hispanic. Not all of them are Cuban.

Personal Narrative: My Cat :: essays research papers

I have a love for cats. Ever since I was a teenager I always wished for a cat of my own. When I moved in a three story apartment in California, the Manager of the complex said that cats were allowed in the units. I mentioned to my Aunt at the time that I was searching in the newspapers under advertisements for cats wanted. One cool breezy evening, my Aunt called me and said that a friend of her's named Judy had a cat named Katie who did not get along with her other two cats. So I agreed to meet with Judy to see if I'd love to adopt Katie. As my Aunt and I entered Judy's house which was a fifteen minute drive from where I live, I noticed cut black and white cat long haired cat with a pink nose and mysterious slanted eyes sneaking up on me near the corner of the hallway of the house. Judy shared with me that Katie was spayed, what foods to feed the cat and that she was tramatized. Judy had shared with me that she took Katie to the Shelter to try to find the owners but to no aval. You see, Katie had showed up at Judy's arcadia door so Judy took her in and kept her for several months before deciding to give the cat away. When I bought Katie to my apartment, she was so frightened. She meowed all night. I called Judy to say that I didn't think I could care for her, but Judy encouraged me to give the cat time to adjust, because she was in a new surrounding. I started feeding my new cat fresh Purina One Special Care dry food and Friskies moist food along with a fresh bowl of water each morning and evening. I also bougth a cat brush to stroke her long luxurious black and white hair, plus I took her to the Vet for an annual booster and rabie shot so I could give the records of the shots to my Manager. I've discovered so much about cats since I adopted Katie. I decided to change her name to Sugar, because of her white tuxedo. I bought her a condo to sleep on plus a new littler box. I also give her a cat vitamin by chopping the vitamin up an placing the tiny pieces in her bowl. Personal Narrative: My Cat :: essays research papers I have a love for cats. Ever since I was a teenager I always wished for a cat of my own. When I moved in a three story apartment in California, the Manager of the complex said that cats were allowed in the units. I mentioned to my Aunt at the time that I was searching in the newspapers under advertisements for cats wanted. One cool breezy evening, my Aunt called me and said that a friend of her's named Judy had a cat named Katie who did not get along with her other two cats. So I agreed to meet with Judy to see if I'd love to adopt Katie. As my Aunt and I entered Judy's house which was a fifteen minute drive from where I live, I noticed cut black and white cat long haired cat with a pink nose and mysterious slanted eyes sneaking up on me near the corner of the hallway of the house. Judy shared with me that Katie was spayed, what foods to feed the cat and that she was tramatized. Judy had shared with me that she took Katie to the Shelter to try to find the owners but to no aval. You see, Katie had showed up at Judy's arcadia door so Judy took her in and kept her for several months before deciding to give the cat away. When I bought Katie to my apartment, she was so frightened. She meowed all night. I called Judy to say that I didn't think I could care for her, but Judy encouraged me to give the cat time to adjust, because she was in a new surrounding. I started feeding my new cat fresh Purina One Special Care dry food and Friskies moist food along with a fresh bowl of water each morning and evening. I also bougth a cat brush to stroke her long luxurious black and white hair, plus I took her to the Vet for an annual booster and rabie shot so I could give the records of the shots to my Manager. I've discovered so much about cats since I adopted Katie. I decided to change her name to Sugar, because of her white tuxedo. I bought her a condo to sleep on plus a new littler box. I also give her a cat vitamin by chopping the vitamin up an placing the tiny pieces in her bowl.

Political Parties, Party and Electoral Systems, and Voting Behavior in the Uk

*Political Parties, Party and Electoral Systems*, and Voting Behavior in the UK *Political Parties and the *UK’s Party System Brief History: The Labour Party grew out of the trade union movement and socialist political parties of the 19th century, and continues to describe itself as a party of democratic socialism. Labour was the first political party in Great Britain to stand for the representation of the low-paid working class and it is the working class who are known as the Labour Party grassroots and traditional members and voters. The party traditionally favors socialist policies such as public ownership of key industries, government intervention in the economy, redistribution of wealth, increased rights for workers and trade unions, and a belief in the welfare state and publicly funded healthcare and education. socialist policies such as public ownership of key industries, government intervention in the economy, redistribution of wealth, increased rights for workers and trade unions, and a belief in the welfare state and publicly funded healthcare and education. But since the 1980’s, under the leadership of Neil Kinnock, John Smith and Tony Blair the party has moved away from its traditional socialist position towards what is often described as the â€Å"Third Way† (centrism) adopting some Thatcherite and free market policies after losing in four consecutive general elections. The Conservative Party on the other hand, descended from the Tory Party, founded in 1678, and is still often referred to as the Tory Party and its politicians, members and supporters as Tories. It was also known as the Unionist Party in the early 20th century, following the Conservatives' alliance with that part of the Liberal Party, known as the Liberal Unionists, who opposed their party's support for Irish Home Rule. The Irish Home Rule Movement articulated a longstanding Irish desire for the repeal of the Act of Union of 1800 by a demand for self-government within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Conservative Party is considered the centre-right political party in the United Kingdom. Moderate Two Party System? The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament depends on the relationship between the Government and the Opposition parties. Even though they oppose each other, they still help each other in a way the the opposition: contributes to the creation of policy and legislation through constructive criticism, opposes government proposals they disagree with, and they put forward their own policies in order to improve their chances of winning the next general election. These things give the party seated choices and other options to ensure that their actions contribute to the betterment of the whole country. Electoral Systems and Voting Behavior The question now is how they are elected. The UK has four types of electoral systems. The first one is the most used, the First Past the Post system. It is the one used to elect the MP’s that seat in the House of Commons. There is a single winner and that is the person with the most votes; there is no requirement that the winner gain an absolute majority of votes. The next system is the block/bloc voting, used in local government elections in England and Wales. It is a voting system for electing several representatives from a single multimember electoral district using a series of check boxes and tallying votes similar to the First Past the Post system. Next is the single transferable vote system, used in Northern Ireland to elect the Assembly, local councils, and Members of the European Parliament, and in Scotland to elect local councils. It is a preferential voting system designed to minimize â€Å"wasted† votes, provide proportional representation, and ensure that votes are explicitly cast for individual candidates rather than party lists. Last is the Party-list system, used in the European Parliament elections in England, Scotland and Wales. It is a voting system that emphasizes proportional representation in elections returning multiple candidates. Voters directly vote for the party. For the past few elections, it is sad to say that the trend in the UK’s voters turnout is not that pleasing to see. Turnout has fallen from 77% in 1992, 71% in 1997 and 61% in 2001. There had been a slight increase in the 2005 elections but still, it is really low. Now the question is what explains these behaviors. Reasons like the lack of variation in the ideologies of the main parties, the decline in partisanship, the reduction in the popularity of various Party leaderships, the dissatisfaction with parties' record on public services, education, transport etc. , the lack of interest in the election campaigns and the voter’s apathy due to voters believing their vote will have no effect on the overall outcome. People often have a mind set that their voteis not needed anymore that is why they are contented by just letting the elections pass by. The UK really is a complicated country but studying it is really worthwhile. Bibliography: http://www. parliament. uk http://www. nriol. com http://en. wikipedia. org http://british-house-of-commons. suite101. com Bale, T. (2005) European Politics: A Comparative Introduction, chap. 5 and 6. Webb, P. (2004) ‘Party Responses to the Changing Electoral Markets in Britain’ in Mair, P. et. al. (eds. ) Political Parties and Electoral Change.

Pre-Marital Sex & Role of Youth in Building a Nation

PREMARITAL SEX Premarital sex is sexual activity practiced by persons who are unmarried. Is it ok to have premarital sex? † That is a common question among teens and engaged couples. In your mind, you are probably weighing the pros and cons of premarital sex. On the positive side of the scale, there is acceptance from your peers, hope for pleasure, and the fulfillment of sexual desires. The negative side of the scale carries the weights of morals, fear of pregnancy or disease, and guilt. Premarital sex is serious moral issue confronting high school students.This isn’t to say that sexual temptations only existed in youth. But these days, being youth, they are more cut off from familial restrictions and parish supports, confronted with peer pressure that alleges, â€Å"Everyone is doing it,† and perhaps exposed to an irreligious environment. Premarital sexual relationship is an important subject – especially today. Young people are bombarded with the worldâ⠂¬â„¢s standards of morality, or immorality. The values and moral standards, which were endorsed by most Filipinos in years past, are now ridiculed and/or ignored by many.CONCLUSION Premarital sex has no moral grounds, it is against God, and it is unsafe physically and emotionally. Although sex is pleasurable, it is designed by God to be enjoyed by two married people. ROLE OF YOUTH IN BUILDING A NATION Youth† is the critical period in a person’s growth and development from the onset of adolescence towards the peak of mature, self-reliant and responsible adulthood comprising the considerable sector of the population from the age of fifteen (15) to thirty (30) years.Their attitudes, values, mind-set, and priorities will determine the development of the country in the future. As a human we have different kinds of role in the nation and one of this is to become an effective good leader, for us to have a progressive nation, we need to be a responsible person, because we canà ¢â‚¬â„¢t have a progressive nation if we’re not responsible enough, but we must begin to our selves.And in order for us to become a good leader, we must know first how to be a good follower, because we can never be a good leader if we don’t know how to be a good As a member of our community we can help building our nation. We can serve our nation by being united as we having one objections and one goal we may able to attain the works easily. We can do that by participating in any programs in our community. As a youth we can join what they called â€Å"SK† or Sanguniang Kabataan